In 1859 Wilhelm Barfuss improved the machine to create the Raschel machines. A German firm used this machine to produce "Raschel" shawls, named after the French actress Élisabeth Félice Rachel. In 1855, Redgate combined the principles of a circular loom with those of warp knit. These knit fabrics are made from two sets of yarn knitted diagonally, which results in the face fabric having a fine vertical rib and the reverse having a diagonal structure, and results in these fabrics being lightweight, smooth, and run-resistant. Milanese is stronger, more stable, smoother and more expensive than tricot and, hence, is used in better lingerie. The properties of these fabrics include having a soft and 'drapey' texture with some lengthwise stretch and almost no crosswise stretch. The right side of the fabric has fine lengthwise ribs while the reverse has crosswise ribs. Tricot is very common in lingerie and underwear. Raschel lace (a common type of machine made lace) is a warp knit fabric but using many more guide-bars (12+) than the usual machines which mostly have three or four bars. All warp-knit fabrics are resistant to runs and relatively easy to sew. Warp knitting comprises several types of knitted fabrics. Heathcote's second patent, in 1809, was for a bobbinet that could produce wide fabrics this was the Old Loughborough. The bobbin carrying beam was reduced to the same size as the machine- he called it a bobbinet. Heathcote's 1808 improvement of Whittaker's frame was essentially a warp knitting frame. Whittaker's frame of 1804 had half its thread mounted on a warp beam and half wound on bobbins mounted on a carriage. In 1802, Robert Brown of New Radford patented the first twist-frame, a knitter that could produce wide net. Lindley invented the bobbin in 1799, and Irving and Skelton the regulator spring. Brown and Copstake succeeded in imitating Mechlen net.
In 1796, Dawson introduced cams to move the bars, and regulate the twist. In 1786, Flint invented the point bar which kept the threads at a fixed distance. Warp frames could be used with any thread, and the warps provided a fixed anchor for the transverse threads. In 1795, the machine was successfully used to make lacey fabrics. These early machines were modifications of the stocking frame with an additional warp beam. In the intervening three years March likely had discussed the device with Morris who submitted a similar patent (No.1282) for a twisting machine for making Brussels point lace. He likely sold his invention to Richard March who patented (No. Credit for the invention is usually given to a mechanic called Josiah Crane in 1775.
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